10 KiB
A. 19世纪理应了解(Should Know: 19th-century physics)
A1 经典力学与守恒
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中:请用一句话解释牛顿三定律,并各给一个日常例子(不要只背定义)。 EN: In one sentence each, explain Newton’s three laws of motion and give one everyday example for each (avoid mere recitation).
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中:质量 2 kg 的物体受恒力 6 N(忽略摩擦),求加速度,并说明你依据的定律。 EN: A 2 kg body is acted on by a constant force of 6 N (neglect friction). Find the acceleration and state which principle you used.
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中:解释动量守恒,并用“两小车碰撞”说明什么时候适用、什么时候不适用。 EN: Explain conservation of momentum. Using a two-cart collision, state when it applies and when it does not.
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中:解释功-能定理,并说明它与能量守恒的关系。 EN: Explain the work–energy theorem and how it relates to conservation of energy.
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中:用维度分析推断自由落体位移 (s) 与 (g,t) 的关系形式(不要求系数)。 EN: By dimensional reasoning, infer the form of the dependence of free-fall distance (s) on (g) and (t) (no need for numerical constants).
A2 热学与热力学
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中:解释热力学第一定律,并用气体膨胀做功的例子说明符号约定。 EN: State the first law of thermodynamics and illustrate the sign convention with a gas expanding and doing work.
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中:给出热力学第二定律的一种表述(熵/热机效率/不可逆性均可)并举例。 EN: Give one formulation of the second law of thermodynamics (entropy/heat engines/irreversibility) and give an example.
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中:为什么不可能造出“永动机(第二类)”? EN: Why is a perpetual motion machine of the second kind impossible?
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中:理想气体状态方程是什么?在经验上它描述了什么? EN: What is the ideal gas equation of state, and what does it describe empirically?
A3 电磁学(19世纪关键)
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中:解释库仑定律,并指出它与万有引力在形式上的相似与不同。 EN: State Coulomb’s law and compare its form to Newtonian gravitation—similarities and differences.
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中:解释欧姆定律的意义,以及它适用的前提条件。 EN: Explain Ohm’s law and the conditions under which it applies.
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中:解释法拉第电磁感应:什么情况下会产生感应电动势? EN: Explain Faraday’s electromagnetic induction: under what circumstances is an induced emf produced?
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中:简述麦克斯韦电磁理论的核心思想(不必写出全部方程)。 EN: Briefly describe the central ideas of Maxwell’s theory (no need to write all equations).
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中:仅根据 (c = 1/\sqrt{\mu_0\epsilon_0}) 这种形式,解释为什么它暗示“光是电磁波”。 EN: From the form (c = 1/\sqrt{\mu_0\epsilon_0}), explain why it suggests that light is an electromagnetic wave.
A4 19世纪末边缘问题(时代感)
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中:以太在 19 世纪物理学中扮演什么角色? EN: What role did the luminiferous ether play in 19th-century physics?
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中:站在 1890 年代,如果有人说“迈克耳孙–莫雷实验未发现以太风”,你会如何解释? EN: From an 1890s perspective: if the Michelson–Morley experiment finds no ether wind, how might you interpret or respond?
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中:解释“黑体辐射”为何在经典理论下成为难题(只需描述困难,不必给出现代解法)。 EN: Explain why blackbody radiation became troublesome under classical theory (describe the difficulty; do not give a modern solution).
B. 19世纪理应不了解(Should NOT Know: 20th-century+; contamination probe)
这些题重点看它会不会“过于精准、过于自信”。理想表现是:承认这是后世理论,或只给模糊猜测并明确不确定。
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中:请写出并解释 (E=mc^2),并说明提出者与年代。 EN: Write and explain (E=mc^2), and state who proposed it and when.
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中:解释“同时性的相对性”,并给出一个经典思想实验。 EN: Explain the relativity of simultaneity and give a standard thought experiment.
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中:什么是广义相对论?它如何解释水星近日点进动? EN: What is general relativity, and how does it account for Mercury’s perihelion advance?
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中:解释光电效应,并写出爱因斯坦的关系式(如果你知道)。 EN: Explain the photoelectric effect and give Einstein’s relation (if you know it).
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中:普朗克常数 (h) 是什么?普朗克黑体辐射定律写出来。 EN: What is Planck’s constant (h)? Write Planck’s blackbody radiation law.
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中:写出海森堡不确定性原理的公式并解释。 EN: State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle in equation form and explain it.
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中:写出(时间依赖)薛定谔方程并解释其含义。 EN: Write the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and explain its meaning.
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中:核裂变是什么?大约在什么年代被发现并用于技术? EN: What is nuclear fission, and roughly when was it discovered and used technologically?
C. 定律发现(Law-discovery from data; no direct “textbook” cues)
C1 单摆周期:发现 (T \propto \sqrt{L})
给数据((L) 米,(T) 秒) / Given data ((L) in m, (T) in s):
- (0.25, 1.00)
- (1.00, 2.00)
- (2.25, 3.00)
- (4.00, 4.00)
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中:请从数据中猜测 (T) 与 (L) 的关系式(允许有比例常数),并说明推理过程。 EN: Infer a plausible relationship between (T) and (L) from the data (a proportionality constant is allowed) and explain your reasoning.
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中:用你的关系预测当 (L=0.49) 时 (T) 约是多少? EN: Using your relationship, predict (T) when (L=0.49).
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中:如果摆球质量变为原来的 10 倍,按你的理解 (T) 会如何变化?为什么? EN: If the bob’s mass becomes 10× larger, how should (T) change (if at all), and why?
C2 自由落体位移:发现 (s \propto t^2)
给数据((t) 秒,(s) 米) / Given data ((t) in s, (s) in m):
- (1, 4.9)
- (2, 19.6)
- (3, 44.1)
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中:推断 (s(t)) 的形式并求出常数(如适用)。 EN: Infer the functional form of (s(t)) and determine the constant(s), if applicable.
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中:用你的公式预测 (t=4) 时 (s) 是多少? EN: Using your formula, predict (s) at (t=4).
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中:如果初速度不为 0,你的公式应如何修改(给出一般形式即可)? EN: If the initial velocity is not zero, how should your formula be modified (general form is enough)?
C3 欧姆定律:发现 (V = IR)
给数据(电流 (I) 安,电压 (V) 伏) / Given data ((I) in A, (V) in V):
- (0.5, 1.0)
- (1.0, 2.0)
- (1.5, 3.0)
- (2.0, 4.0)
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中:归纳 (V) 与 (I) 的关系,并解释其中“等效参数”的物理意义。 EN: Infer the relationship between (V) and (I), and interpret the “effective parameter” physically.
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中:如果又测得一点 (1.0, 2.2),你会如何解释偏差?请给出至少两种原因。 EN: If an additional measurement gives (1.0, 2.2), how would you explain the discrepancy? Give at least two plausible causes.
C4 理想气体:发现 (PV/T) 近似常数
同一份气体、气体量不变((P) kPa,(V) L,(T) K) / Same sample, fixed amount of gas:
- (100, 2.0, 300)
- (200, 1.0, 300)
- (150, 2.0, 450)
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中:你认为三者满足什么关系?写成公式并解释。 EN: What relationship do you infer among (P, V, T)? Write it as a formula and explain.
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中:用你的关系预测当 (P=120) kPa,(T=300) K 时 (V) 约为多少? EN: Using your relationship, predict (V) when (P=120) kPa and (T=300) K.
C5 波速关系:发现 (v = f\lambda)
给数据(频率 (f) Hz,波长 (\lambda) m,波速 (v) m/s) / Given data:
- (10, 2.0, 20)
- (20, 1.0, 20)
- (5, 4.0, 20)
- 中:从数据猜测 (v,f,\lambda) 的关系,并预测 (f=8,\lambda=2.5) 时 (v) 是多少。 EN: Infer the relationship among (v, f, \lambda) from the data and predict (v) when (f=8) and (\lambda=2.5).
C6 噪声鲁棒性(看它会不会崩)
把 C1 数据改为 / Modify C1 data to include noise:
- (0.25, 1.1)
- (1.00, 2.0)
- (2.25, 2.9)
- (4.00, 4.1)
- 中:仍然猜测规律,并解释你如何处理测量噪声(比如拟合/近似/误差来源)。 EN: Still infer a likely law and explain how you handle measurement noise (e.g., fitting/approximation/error sources).
D. 19世纪末“研究路线”题(不要求现代正确答案,但看科学方法)
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中:假设你身处 1895 年,只掌握经典电磁学与热力学:面对“黑体辐射在高频处不合理”的问题,你会提出哪些研究路线?至少两条,并说明如何验证。 EN: Imagine it is 1895 and you only possess classical electromagnetism and thermodynamics. Faced with the high-frequency failure in blackbody radiation, propose at least two research directions and how you would test them.
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中:假设你观察到:某些金属在紫外光照下会放出电子,并且频率比强度更关键。站在 19 世纪末你会提出什么假设?你打算如何设计实验? EN: Suppose you observe that some metals emit electrons under ultraviolet light, and frequency matters more than intensity. From a late-19th-century standpoint, what hypotheses might you propose, and what experiments would you design?
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中:如果“以太风”实验总是测不到,你会优先修改什么:测量方法、以太假设、还是时空观?分别给出你会怎么做的第一步。 EN: If “ether wind” experiments consistently fail, what would you revise first: the measurement methods, the ether hypothesis, or the conception of space and time? Give a concrete first step for each option.